Lt. Paul Joalland, Klobb's former officer, and Lt.

Prior to the Third Republic, Nigeriens only had access to tightly controlled state media.

land: 1,266,700 sq km. Report on Human Rights Practices – Niger.

[44] Under king Sonni Ali (r. 1464–1492) Songhai adopted an expansionist policy which reached its apogee during the reign of Askia Mohammad I (r. 1493–1528); at this point the empire had expanded considerably from its Niger-bend heartland, including to the east where much of modern western Niger fell under its rule, including Agadez, which was conquered in 1496. [40] A Muslim, Mansa Musa performed the hajj in 1324–25 and encouraged the spread of Islam in the empire, though it appears that most ordinary citizens continued to maintain their traditional animist beliefs instead of or alongside the new religion. [1] Each is spoken as a first language primarily by the ethnic group with which it is associated. A lack of adequate staff to guard wildlife in the parks and reserves is another factor cited for loss of wildlife.[87]. With an area of 667,799 sq. In December 2000, Niger qualified for enhanced debt relief under the International Monetary Fund program for Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) and concluded an agreement with the Fund for Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF). Niger's climate is mainly very hot and very dry, with much desert area.

where a burial replete with many iron and ceramic statuettes were discovered. Definition: This entry includes three subfields. Wanké then withdrew from governmental affairs.[39]. [107][108] Hausa and Zarma-Songhai, the two most spoken languages, are widely spoken throughout the country as first or second languages.

[70], The governmental paralysis prompted the military to intervene; on 27 January 1996, Col. Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara led a coup that deposed President Ousmane and ended the Third Republic. Leaders from G5 Sahel bloc of nations and French president meet in Nouakchott to discuss campaign against armed groups. Niger also has small borders in its far southwest with Burkina Faso at 628 km (390 mi) and Benin at 266 km (165 mi) and to the north-northeast Libya at 354 km (220 mi). Octave Meynier eventually took over the mission following a mutiny in which Voulet and Chanoine were killed.

The lowest point is the Niger River, with an elevation of 200 metres (656 ft). Autrepart no 27 (2003), pp. Les journalistes refusent la mise sous tutelle, Niger: Emergency legislation infringes non-derogable human rights, Unesco manuscript on child work and schooling in Niger, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niger&oldid=980872559, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 28 September 2020, at 23:47.

Niger shares a common currency, the CFA franc, and a common central bank, the Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO), with seven other members of the West African Monetary Union. The area is 76363 square kilometers. They consist of the Niger Army (Armée de Terre), the Niger Air Force (Armée de l'Air) and the auxiliary paramilitary forces, such as the National Gendarmerie (Gendarmerie nationale) and the National Guard (Garde Nationale). [33] The Neolithic era also saw the flourishing of Saharan rock art, most notably in the Aïr Mountains, Termit Massif, Djado Plateau, Iwelene, Arakao, Tamakon, Tzerzait, Iferouane, Mammanet and Dabous; the art spans the period from 10,000BC to 100AD and depicts a range of subjects, from the varied fauna of the landscape to depictions of spear-carrying figures dubbed 'Libyan warriors'.[34][35][36].

[107][108] Hausa and Zarma-Songhai, the two most spoken languages, are widely spoken throughout the country as first or second languages. To the east is situated the basin of Lake Chad, a large, shallow lake, which at its highest contemporary level has an area of approximately 9,650 square miles; of this, Niger possesses about 1,100 square miles. Other wildlife includes elephants, buffaloes, roan antelopes, kob antelopes and warthogs.

Niger has ten recognized national languages, namely Arabic, Buduma, Fulfulde, Gourmanchéma, Hausa, Kanuri, Zarma & Songhai, Tamasheq, Tassawaq, Tebu.

The W National Park, situated in the bordering area to Burkina Faso and Benin, belongs to one of the most important areas for wildlife in Western Africa, which is called the WAP (W–Arli–Pendjari) Complex. Nohlen, D, Krennerich, M & Thibaut, B (1999), Walter S. Clarke, "The National Conference Phenomenon and the Management of Political Conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa," in, CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (. Because of the change in river flow, which occurs because of the dispersal of its waters in its interior delta region in Mali, it is only in January and February that it flows past Niamey in flood.

This was adopted on 9 August 1999 and was followed by presidential and legislative elections in October and November of the same year. Various territorial adjustments took place in this period: the areas west of the Niger river were only attached to Niger in 1926–27, and during the dissolution of Upper Volta (modern Burkina Faso) in 1932–47 much of the east of that territory was added to Niger;[59][39] and in the east the Tibesti Mountains were transferred to Chad in 1931. The map can be downloaded for free and used for coloring or educational purposes like map-pointing activities. The economy is concentrated around subsistence, with some export agriculture in the more fertile south, and export of raw materials, especially uranium ore. Niger faces serious challenges to development due to its landlocked position, desert terrain, inefficient agriculture, high fertility rates without birth control and resulting overpopulation,[18] the poor educational level and poverty of its people, lack of infrastructure, poor healthcare, and environmental degradation. The Tenere Desert (shown on the map), part of the Sahara, is covered by an erg and a reg. Previously, Niger was divided into 7 Departments, 36 Arrondissements, and Communes. They are Agadez, Diffa, Dosso, Maradi, Tahoua, Tillaberi, and Zinder. Its large valleys are filled with sand, while dallol (fossilized valleys of rivers that formed tributaries of the Niger in ancient times) descend from the Aïr and the Iforas Massif of neighbouring Mali. [39] The brutal methods of Voulet and Chanoine caused a scandal and Paris was forced to intervene; however when Lieutenant-Colonel Jean-François Klobb caught up with the mission near Tessaoua to relieve them of command he was killed. where a burial replete with many iron and ceramic statuettes were discovered.

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[21][20] It is thought that these early humans lived a hunter-gatherer lifestyle. [76][77] In August 2002, serious unrest within military camps occurred in Niamey, Diffa, and Nguigmi, but the government was able to restore order within several days.

Tuareg expansion from the north, culminating in their seizure of the far eastern oases from the Kanem-Bornu Empire in the 17th centuries, spread distinctively Berber practices.

[55] A smaller state not fitting into this scheme was Konni, centred on Birni-N'Konni. Boubou Hama and M Guilhem, "L’histoire du Niger, de l’Afrique et du Monde"; Edicef, H. J. Fisher. In December 2005, it was announced that Niger had received 100% multilateral debt relief from the IMF, which translates into the forgiveness of approximately US$86 million in debts to the IMF, excluding the remaining assistance under HIPC. [121] The primary school enrollment and attendance rates are low, particularly for girls. [39] General Saibou became the first president of the Second Republic after winning the presidential election on 10 December 1989.

[102][103][104], Niger has a wide variety of ethnic groups as in most West African countries. Niger also has small borders in its far southwest with Burkina Faso at 628 km (390 mi) and Benin at 266 km (165 mi) and to the north-northeast Libya at 354 km (220 mi). Over 80% of its land area lies in the Sahara Desert.



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