Please add categories to … A member of East Libyan forces sits in an armchair on Tripoli road which was opened after forces captured the final holdout of Islamist-led rivals in southwest Benghazi, Libya on March 21, 2017. The belligerents are coalitions of armed groups that sometimes change sides. Libya’s transitional government ceded authority to the newly elected General National Congress (GNC) in July 2012, but the GNC faced numerous challenges over the next two years, including the September 2012 attack by Islamist militants on the U.S. consulate in Benghazi and the spread of the Islamic State and other armed groups throughout the country. “If Libya falls under Haftar, who is an ally of the UAE, which in turn is antagonistic to Turkey, that essentially puts all of Turkish maritime interests in the Mediterranean at the mercy of the UAE, Egypt and Greece.”. May 4, 2017, Bennett Seftel A member of the self-styled Libyan National Army runs during clashes with Islamist militants in Khreibish district in Benghazi, Libya on November 9, 2017. Some brigades and militias shifted from merely delaying the surrender of their weapons to actively asserting a continuing political role as "guardians of the revolution", with hundreds of local armed groups filling the complex security vacuum left by the fall of Gaddafi. June 18, 2015, Mary Fitzgerald and Bernard Gwertzman Eventually, fighting broke out at Tripoli’s international airport between the Libya Dawn coalition, which controlled Tripoli and much of western Libya, and the Dignity coalition, which controlled parts of Cyrenaica and Benghazi in eastern Libya, and a civil war emerged.

Jamestown Foundation The Tobruk government, strongest in eastern Libya, has the loyalty of Haftar's Libyan National Army and has been supported by air strikes by Egypt and the UAE. “I think the United States has right now enough roles.

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace French President Emmanuel Macron has officially backed efforts for a peaceful solution to the conflict in Libya. June 28, 2018, Why Libyan Elections Probably Won't Happen This Year, Capital of Militias: Tripoli's Armed Groups Capture the Libyan State, Wolfram Lacher and Alaa al-Idrissi
August 15, 2017, Elissa Miller and Kevin Truitte February 26, 2018, Libya's Triangle of Tragedy: Urban Violence, Vast Displacement, Perilous Migration, International Committee of the Red Cross December 23, 2015, Report on the Human Rights Situation in Libya, United Nations Support Mission in Libya Task Force Program, About CFR Blog, "From the Potomac to the Euphrates" What Next for Islamic State in Libya After Sirte? A member of the self-styled Libyan National Army, loyal to the country’s east strongman Khalifa Haftar, fires a machine gun during clashes with militants in Benghazi on July 19, 2017. [44] In February 2019, the LNA achieved victory in the Battle of Derna. July 18, 2017, An Impediment to Peace: Libya's Lucrative and Destabilizing War Economy, Tim Eaton Read about Libya’s civil war and struggle to restore state institutions since the ouster of Colonel Muammar al-Qaddafi. In July 2018, Haftar announced that the LNA had recaptured the city of Derna, the last outpost of the Islamic State militants in eastern Libya. DefenseOne July 1, 2017, The Origins and Evolution of ISIS in Libya, Jason Pack, Rhiannon Smith, and Karim Mezran December 7, 2016, Mary Fitzgerald

The Jamestown Foundation

October 8, 2019, Foreign Backing Brings Militias in Libya to a Stalemate—and No Further, Raja Abdulrahim and Andre Liohn

They included fighters from the impoverished Darfur region. January 4, 2017, ISIS Remains Threat in Libya Despite Defeat in Sirte, U.S. Officials Say, Eric Schmitt The UAE considers Haftar a trusted partner capable of curbing the spread of political Islam, most notably the Muslim Brotherhood. [5][8], In early 2011, a civil war broke out in the context of the wider "Arab Spring". “Turkey is going to Libya to make sure that any discussion in the Mediterranean includes Ankara because neighbouring countries are trying to exclude it,” Samdi Hamdi, the editor in chief of the International Interest, told Al Jazeera. The Atlantic June 30, 2016, ISIS on Europe's Doorstep: How Terror Is Infiltrating the Migrant Route, Nick Paton Walsh CFR Blog: From the Potomac to the Euphrates

What Does the Haftar-Serraj Meeting Mean for Libya? After months of fighting, forces aligned with the United Nations-recognised Government of National Accord (GNA), based in Tripoli, have largely prevented Haftar, who is affiliated with a rival administration in the east, from seizing the city. Foreign Policy October 1, 2019, Remain, Expand, Attract: The Paradigmatic Experience of the Islamic State in Libya, Dario Cristiani May 30, 2019, International Crisis Group A member of the self-styled Libyan National Army holds his weapon during clashes with Islamist militants in Khreibish district in Benghazi, Libya on November 9, 2017. Though the rival groups agreed to hold elections in December 2018, UN Special Envoy to Libya Ghassan Salame said elections would be postponed until the spring of 2019. CFR CFR Blog, "Strength Through Peace" [41] Haftar and the NOC then reached an agreement for increasing oil production and exports,[42] and all nine of Libya's major oil terminals were operating again in January 2017.

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace In an effort to find a resolution to the conflict and create a unity government, then-UN Special Envoy to Libya Bernandino Leon, followed by Martin Kobler, facilitated a series of talks between the Tobruk-based HoR and the Tripoli-based GNC. May 2, 2019, Addressing the Rise of Libya’s Madkhali-Salafis, International Crisis Group September 18, 2018. October 23, 2017, Libya's Terrorism Challenge: Assessing the Salafi-Jihadi Threat, Lydia Sizer But Washington began to send mixed signals shortly after Haftar launched his offensive on Tripoli. Defense One Cipher Brief Estimated number of internally displaced persons. After the king had fled the country, the Libyan Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) headed by Gaddafi abolished the monarchy and the old constitution and proclaimed the new Libyan Arab Republic, with the motto "freedom, socialism, and unity". Before the official end of hostilities between loyalist and opposition forces, there were reports of sporadic clashes between rival militias and vigilante revenge killings.

We are in a role everywhere,” Trump said in April, 2017. Foreign Affairs Citing senior advisers to the Saudi government, the WSJ said the offer of funds, which Haftar accepted, was intended to buy the loyalty of tribal leaders, recruit and pay fighters and other such military purposes. Analysts say that, if true, this could not have happened without the Kremlin’s greenlight and suggests a push by Russia to establish itself as a new power broker in the region. Khalifa Haftar, Field Marshal of the LNA, rejected the ceasefire and LNA spokesman Ahmed al-Mismari dismissed the GNA's ceasefire announcement as a ploy. It was meant to act as an interim authority in the rebel-controlled areas. But soon after taking office in January 2017, US President Donald Trump said he did not see a “role” in Libya. April 19, 2019, Andrew Seger and Frederic Wehrey August 15, 2018, Rushing Libya’s Elections Will Lead to Disaster, Alexander Decina The United States, European allies, and the United Nations continued to express concern over the permanent fracture of Libya as armed militant groups have tried to divide the country along political and tribal lines. During a recent trip to Cairo, Haftar – who received part of his military training in Egypt – said he would take over Tripoli “within hours” if Egypt were to send troops to assist his forces. The civil war's aftermath and proliferation of armed groups led to violence and instability across the country, which erupted into renewed civil war in 2014.

CFR Backgrounder, Steven A. Cook Haftar’s self-styled Libyan National Army (LNA) has relied heavily on UAE air support, which includes the suspected deployment of Chinese-made Wing Loong II drones during its months-long offensive against the GNA. August 9, 2016, Libyans Are Winning the Battle Against Islamic State, Frederic Wehrey August 31, 2017, Emadeddin Zahri Muntasser

The above documentation is transcluded from Template:Libyan Civil War detailed map/doc. Jamestown Foundation CFR Book
The latter prefer erring on the safe side, by combating any form of democratic opening, whether legitimate, corrupt or dysfunctional.”.


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