Volcanic

{ The Ruiz lahar averaged 30km/hr for 90km. Tsunamis differ from other earthquake hazards in that they can cause serious damage thousands of kilometers from the causative faults. Natural hazards that may be faced by a community are dictated largely by the climate, geography, geology, and land use practices of that community. Although rare, large sinkholes that develop suddenly in populated areas can lead to the collapse of buildings and other structures. They can cause structural failure and flooding in low-lying areas. If Esteva, L. Regionalización Sísmicade México para Fines de Ingeniería, Patrocinado por Institute de Investigaciones de la Industria Eléctrica, Comisión Federal de Electricidad (México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Abril 1970). include: Other Natural Hazards - These are hazards that may occur naturally, but don't fall in to If a hazard zonation map does not exit, one should be prepared as part of the development planning study and should become an integral part of the integrated natural resource inventory. atmosphere are mainly responsible. McCann, who has written extensively on Eastern Caribbean seismology, emphasizes: This is obviously a consideration that planners should bear in mind. In addition to earthquake shaking, trigger mechanisms can include volcanic eruptions, heavy rainstorms, rapid snowmelt, rising groundwater, undercutting due to erosion or excavation, human-induced vibrations in the earth, overloading due to construction, and certain chemical phenomena in unconsolidated sediments. Map of Soil Liquifaction and landslides Associated with Earthquakes in South America (CERESIS, 1985). Areas prone to such events can be identified as earthquake fault zones, active volcanoes, and coastal areas susceptible to tsunamis. The depth of the soil layer, its moisture content, and the nature of the underlying geologic formation-unconsolidated material or hard rock-are all relevant factors. Preliminary Mission [4] An avalanche is an example of a gravity current consisting of granular material. Figure 11-13 shows the occurrence by province and department of MMI of VI or greater for Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua (information on Panama is still limited).

In areas of active faulting, fault maps should be prepared at scales appropriate for planning purpose (about 1:50,000 in developing areas and 1:10,000 in urban areas) and kept updated as new geologic and seismic information becomes available. 4. Yet volcanic eruptions can take a high toll in human life and property. is an online tool that provides an overview of the hazards from eight natural hazards (river floods, earthquakes, water scarcity, cyclones, coastal floods, tsunamis, volcanoes and landslides) developed by the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery in partnership with other institutions.[16][17]. c. Volcanic Hazard Zonation Moisture content can also be considered a criterion for classification: some earthquake-induced landslides can occur only under very wet conditions. Such catastrophic hazards only have a small chance of occurring, This phase of a planning study requires the diagnosis of a region, including spatial and natural resource stet.

tsunami hazards, CGS works closely with CalOES and the Tsunami Research Center at the University of Southern California to produce statewide tsunami inundation maps and preparedness information for California. An attempt should also be made to determine the possible amplifying effects of the coastal configuration, even with the crude methodologies available (Nichols and Buchanan-Banks, 1974). There is evidence to suggest that weather related disasters are becoming more frequent, compared to other disasters like earthquakes. Avalanches are often classified by the size or severity of consequences resulting from the event.[5]. Earthquake-Induced Ground Failure: Landslides and Liquefaction, c. Earthquake-Induced Ground Failure: Landslides and Liquefaction, 2. 2. either of the categories above. Conditional probability is an estimate, expressed as a percentage, of how likely it is that a large or great earthquake will occur within a specified time period. Regional Geologic Hazard Maps. (Ewa Beach, Hawaii: NOAA, February, 1984). Earthquake Effects Yet they could greatly increase the value of expenditures already made for scientific and engineering studies of geologic hazards. The ejecta of volcanic explosions include blobs of molten lava, which solidify quickly to form glass, and solid fragments ranging from fine ash to house-size boulders. While this chapter does not go into specific geologic hazard assessment techniques, most of which are well beyond the technical, temporal, and budgetary constraints of integrated development planning studies, it presents and discusses existing information which can and should be used during the Preliminary Mission and Phase I stages of a planning study. Land-use zoning may not be appropriate in some areas because of the potential for substantial variation within each mapped unit, but even without mandatory use restrictions, stability categories can indicate the precautions appropriate for the use of any parcel of land. (3) Site Response Data: There are two general types of site response data: (1) observations of the effects of past earthquakes which correlate the total ground shaking (acceleration in the bedrock plus amplification effects) with the damage caused at a site; and (2) response spectra obtained from accelerogram data or theoretical calculations. They are uncommon but can be catastrophic when they occur. How severe can they be in the future?

- For Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; and, - Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico. Trained hazard mitigation planners also assist local communities to identify strategies for mitigating the effects of such hazards and developing plans to implement these measures.

Those with magnitudes greater than 8.5 only occur once every 3 years on the average (see Table 3.3 in your text or https://www.iris.edu/gallery3/general/posters/exploring_earth/EarthquakeFrequency). EL Kockelman, W.J. 2 (Lima: November 1983). Small bombs and lapilli (rock fragments ranging in size up to 64mm) can be carried as far as 80km from the eruption. The severity of an earthquake can be measured in terms of intensity by the Modified Mercalli Index (MMI) or in terms of magnitude by the Richter Scale (see Figure 11-2 and the discussion of earthquake severity in sub-section B.1 above).

EG Institute de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.

Affluence can also play a role, since affluence often controls where habitation takes place, for example along coastlines, or on volcanic slopes. When a seismic zone map is unavailable, the CERESIS Map of Maximum Intensities covering all of South America can be used. Classification, Assessment, Mapping, and Mitigation of Volcanic Hazards, 3. This catalogue is accompanied by two maps: Seismicity (epicenters) and Large Earthquakes of South America (1520-1981). Geology Dictionary - contains thousands of geological terms with their definitions. and the Hazards They Cause, c. (1) Rapid Earth Flows: Rapid earth flows are the most catastrophic type of liquefaction.

2 (Honolulu, Hawaii: August, 1986). A heat wave is a hazard characterized by heat which is considered extreme and unusual in the area in which it occurs. Compared with earthquakes, volcanic hazards are simpler to cope with in development planning because of their point source, the limited extent of the area in which active volcanoes occur, and the limited distance from the source for which volcanic activity poses a serious hazard. Seiche waves are lower (less than three meters high) than those of tsunamis and are oscillatory in nature. Ground shaking may cause clay-free soil deposits to lose strength temporarily and behave as a viscous liquid rather than as a solid. Where assessment of the consequences of surface rupture indicates an unacceptably high possibility of damage, several alternative mitigation measures are available: - Establishing an easement that requires a setback distance from active fault traces.

- Where have earthquakes occurred in the region? hazard occurs and destroys human life or property, then a natural disaster (2) Other Landslide Hazard Information: National maps of the occurrence of landslides and liquefaction at a scale of 1:2,000,000 have been produced by the South American countries under the coordination of CERESIS. In developing areas with short-term volcanic hazards, mitigation measures should be selected if they are not already part of the project identification information. (In a few areas where known hazards exist, e.g., Nevado del Ruiz, Mt.



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