This measure takes into consideration whether individuals exited poverty during the survey period or whether they were still living in poverty at the end of that period. There was appalling discrimination meted out to economic immigrants and asylum seekers. Among the false claims was that the victim of the knife attack died protecting a woman. The GDR experienced the reverse. "Go ahead and laugh," he said, "your voters are watching.". [13] Poverty phases extending back into the year 1992 cannot be taken into account, since it is not known when they actually began. 1 The percentage of people of a given region who live in poverty. Nor need it be only negative. Helmut Kohl oversaw German reunification. The picture for eastern Germany changes when the figures are based on the national average income rather than on the regional average. Sweeping transformations were rammed through with little reference to public opinion or even parliament. A minimal proportion of the population suffered longer periods of poverty. Kohl’s decision to exchange Ostmarks at a 1:1 rate for Deutschmarks made swathes of firms uncompetitive overnight. In the 1980s, crisis hit the region and the Soviet bloc’s trade networks collapsed. "If anything, more refugees in a given municipality led to fewer votes for the AfD, especially in the East," he said. Germany became a federation of 16 states after the unification of the two sides. The development of poverty was examined by means of two different indicators (see box). As towns and villages emptied and tax revenues slumped, schools were closed, shops shuttered and housing blocks demolished. Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations, Brunel University London. About 7 million Germans work part time in precarious "mini jobs" that pay up to €450 a month, and many rely on welfare payments. Grievances at discrimination can translate into a desire to rebuke elites and central government. [6] To translate a household's net income into a per-capita income, it is divided by the sum of the individual need-based weightings. The surprise, as Germany approaches the 30th anniversary of the fall of the Wall, is the speed with which these debates have roared back into the public sphere. "It indicates the limited link between economic deprivation and the expressed anger and xenophobia," he added. "The AfD has far more in common with other 'populist' parties who have had success in recent European elections. When Jana Hensel, a writer, recently gave a talk to a school in her home town of Leipzig, she was astonished to find herself spending half an hour fielding questions from teenagers about an Ossiquote (a proposal to give east Germans preference in public jobs). In 1965 only one in 75 children lived on welfare, in 2007 one in 6 did. Others like to stick the blame on communism, on the German Democratic Republic (GDR) era up to 1990. [7] An index developed by J. After 1990 “the whole software of life changed” for east Germans, says Markus Kerber, a bigwig at the interior ministry. This is nourished by a perception that elites have feathered their nests and dumped the consequences of unification and economic crisis on the rest. West-east transfers of close to €2trn ($2.2trn) have reduced the infrastructure gap. Unemployment was in fifth place. The other was state expenditure. But eastern identity is not the exclusive preserve of extremes. Many rent flats from westerners, who own much of the eastern housing stock.

(The equivalent is true for 22% of westerners.) Children are more likely to be poor than adults. The poverty line is defined as 50% of the regional average based on annual net-equivalent income. [10] This figure gives no indication, however, of whether the stated years of poverty were consecutive years or represent separate periods of poverty. Less than 2% of the population experienced long-term poverty. There was little access to food (in Communism you line … When calculating poverty intensity, α is normally given a value of two (at all events a value which is larger than one). But although investment in infrastructure or technical universities may help some towns, it cannot stop the demographic decline in many east German regions.

The picture is much brighter in some eastern cities. Zahlen und Fakten für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland. As the AfD MP Jürgen Pohl told parliament in late 2017, labor market changes have created poorly regulated, precarious jobs. Why? Rural parts of the east were especially affected. See: Lebenslagen in Deutschland. In political terms the hope was for full and rapid equality. So were hundreds of thousands of others who previously toiled in safe, dreary and unproductive state-backed jobs. In: Econometrica, 52 (3), 1984, pp. Cardiff, Cardiff [Caerdydd GB-CRD], SOAS Festival of Ideas: Decolonising Knowledge Similarly, an “overwhelming majority” of people in Germany, according to a recent Eurobarometer report, hold that income inequality is excessive. In: Richard Hauser and Irene Becker (eds. The Soviet system that took shape in 1928 had enabled Russia, an abysmally poor society, to industrialise rapidly during the interwar era. The following table lists the 79 cities in Germany with a population of at least 100,000 on December 31, 2015, as estimated by the Federal Statistical Office of Germany. According to official government figures, about 40 percent of German households have no net wealth at all and about 20 percent of workers are atypically employed, either on very low wages, temporary jobs, in part-time work or a combination of those. table 1). See: Markus M. Grabka and Birgit Otto: 'Angleichung der Markteinkommen privater Haushalte zwischen Ost- und Westdeutschland nicht in Sicht.' (05.09.2018), © 2020 Deutsche Welle | East Germany’s per capita growth has outstripped most other eastern European countries (see chart), despite starting from a higher base. But few immigrants arrived and those that did come were subject to brutal state discrimination and segregation. No enterprise could withstand that shock unaided. “We must all…learn to understand why for many people in east German states, German unity is not solely a positive experience,” she said on October 3rd. The “great handover” combined with agglomeration logics to ensure that Germany’s western states attracted the bulk of capital and skilled migrants – this expanded local markets and, in turn, attracted further investment and immigration. During all the surveyed years, the poverty rate and poverty intensity in eastern Germany were significantly lower than those in the western part of the country. This profile changes when the national average income level is used as a basis for calculating the poverty line rather than using the average income level for eastern Germany - in which case the values for east and west assume similar levels. “The long-term wounds were concealed because people were absorbed finding a place in the new society,” says Steffen Mau of Humboldt University in Berlin.

Those that survived struggled with the western rules they had to import wholesale. Poverty intensity gives the strongest weighting to income distances experienced by the poorest of the poor. In economic terms, as we’ve seen, something closer to annexation was the outcome. But a people brought up in a society where initiative was ruthlessly crushed had to adapt suddenly to the rigours of capitalism. Definitions of the terms poverty rate, poverty gap and poverty intensity, Duration of poverty and the probability of leaving it, Duration of non-poverty and the probability of re-entering poverty, Proceedings of the 2000 Fourth International Conference of German Socio-Economic Panel Study Users (GSOEP 2000), In the time period spanning 1992 to 2000, we witnessed a low income inequality.

He was accused by political opponents of pandering to the far right. More than 1m Ossies took advantage of their new freedom by moving to the West, where most thrived. They were allowed to choose their leaders, express their opinions and travel, to west Germany and beyond. Some parts of East German culture still hold over from the past. As a grand, if ill-fated, gesture of welcome the West German chancellor, Helmut Kohl, converted some of their worthless savings into hard currency at the preposterously generous exchange rate of one Deutschmark to one Ostmark. Bigotry was pushed back. There has been a strong increase in the number of poor children. A gap in the Berlin Wall on Nov. 11, 1989. The AfD, Pohl said, "is a new people's party that cares about the little people." Saxony's state Premier Michael Kretschmer has claimed reports of mob violence at anti-immigrant protests in the city of Chemnitz were exaggerated. Labour and immigration policies pre-1989 explain the east-west distinction here. Less than a year later Germany was reunited, capping one of the most extraordinary stories in modern history. Other reports paint a similar picture. [4] For Germany as a whole, the reference value used to determine the poverty line is the average income of the overall population. Persistent east-west division intersects with class divides, as well as historical and present forms of institutional racism. The ghost of the Berlin Wall lives on 30 years after its collapse. This article only provides information on the poverty rate and poverty intensity. 581-591. Be Curious income after redistribution in accordance with the tax and transfer system. Hence, the growing market-income disparity in eastern Germany during the course of the transformation process has not resulted in any perceptible increase in the number of people affected by poverty. Since 1990 the number of over-60s there has increased by 1.3m even as the overall population has fallen by 2.2m. The poverty gap describes the income deficit for those living in poverty, that is, the amount of money that would be required to lift all poor families to the poverty line. [1] See German Council of Economic Experts. But the gap has stuck at roughly that level ever since, and is predicted to continue or even widen. Although living standards have improved dramatically in the East over the past 20 years, it still lags behind in economic development, and as a result, many people head west in search of better job opportunities. We use cookies to improve our service for you. [3] The term 'poor' refers to individuals whose income is less than half of the average income of the population living in private households. Germany Area and Population Density. But the refugee crisis merely triggered a deeper shift, says Christian Hirte, the government’s special commissioner for east Germany. Yet even as overall emigration to the west dries up, eastern cities are sucking educated people away from already struggling small towns and villages. Ms Köpping says east Germans hold barely 4% of elite jobs in the east. The table below contains the following information: By Sunday afternoon, some 800 people had gathered to protest the man's death, including far-right groups. The poverty line is defined as being 50% of the regional average based on annual net-equivalent income. Today some east German regions have lower unemployment rates than western post-industrial regions like the Saarland or the Ruhr valley. Unlike any other country ever freed from tyranny, the entire population of East Germany was given citizenship of a big, rich democracy. Video footage showed the far-right "Pro Chemnitz" movement holding a banner with a quote from early 20th century poet Anton Günther reading "German and free we aim to be.". Leeds, Leeds, Food policy at a time of crisis: what should the future look like? Petra Köpping, the integration minister in Saxony, one of the five eastern states established at reunification, says that when she tried to explain to her constituents why the state was helping refugees, some replied: “Integrate us first!” Many easterners resented the resources being devoted to help newcomers when they felt left behind. The AfD has exploited the power of eastern particularism. This is worrying in a part of the country where extremism has found fertile ground.

In: Wochenbericht des DIW Berlin, no. ON NOVEMBER 9TH 1989, as the Berlin Wall tumbled, Hans-Joachim Binder was on night shift at the potash mine in Bischofferode, a village in the communist-ruled German Democratic Republic.

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