15.

There is a time for every action and aspect of existence within ma'at but all must be recognized and acted upon at appropriate times. She was closely associated with other leonine deities such as Bastet and Pakhet and was thought to be the aggressive, violent aspect of the goddess Mut. "Amentet, Andjeti and Anubis: Three Ancient Egyptian Gods (2007)". Venerated as an important deity during the Old Kingdom period (circa 27th century – 22nd century BC), she was considered as the daughter of Atum (or Ra), and as such implied the superiority of order, justice, and even harmony. During the Ptolemaic Dynasty (323-30 BCE), when Egyptian gods were hellenized, he was known as Agathadaimon, the serpent deity who could tell one's future. In these states, it was believed, people could come close to the gods and sometimes receive messages from them. Depicted as a bull running. When a god was angry, she might be portrayed as a ferocious lioness; when gentle, a cat. He was represented as a mummified king, wearing wrappings that left only the green skin of his hands and face exposed. Ra (Re) – The foremost Egyptian sun god, involved in creation and the afterlife. The goddess Qebhet, for example, is a little known deity who offered cool water to the souls of the dead as they awaited judgment in the afterlife, and Seshat was the goddess of written words and specific measurements overshadowed by Thoth, the better known god of writing and patron of scribes. His legacy is also fueled by his epic mythical battle against the adversary Set, from which Horus emerged victorious, thereby uniting the two lands of Egypt, albeit after losing one of his eyes. Min (also known as Menew and Amsu) was among the oldest of the deities worshiped by the ancient Egyptians whose origins go back to the Predynastic Period of late 4th millennium BC. And as a living god, Osiris was represented rather ostentatiously as a handsome man in the royal attire wearing the crown of Upper Egypt (a headdress known as the atef), while carrying the crook and flail, both symbols of kingship. She was one of the daughters of Ra, the wife of Amun, and mother of Khonsu. A freelance writer and former part-time Professor of Philosophy at Marist College, New York, Joshua J. She was the Vulture goddess and is often depicted as a woman with a long, brightly colored dress and a vulture headdress surmounted by the double crown. Home » Blog Posts » Culture » 20 Major Egyptian Gods, Goddesses, And Their Family Tree. In the New Kingdom, when other nations were under Egyptian control, foreigners were said to be under the sun god's benign rule in the same way that Egyptians were. Egyptian God Osirisby Ali Kalamchi (Copyright). [131], Gods were combined with each other as easily as they were divided. When he was brought to Egypt by Canaanite and Syrian workers and merchants, he was transformed into a god of healing. The two were gone so long that Atum came to miss them and sent his eye (the Eye of Ra) in search of them. Raettawy (Raet or Raet-Tawy) - She was the female aspect of Ra. In the same way that she could bring the desert winds, she could deflect them, and the same with pestilence; just as she had brought the plague, she could cure it and was known as "Mistress of Life" in this capacity (and so was frequently invoked in healing spells and incantations by ancient doctors). Her name means "Snake Who Nourishes" and she was goddess of nursing and rearing children. His festival was one of the earliest observed and, merged with the Khoiak Festival of Osiris, continued to be celebrated throughout Egypt's history. Isis refers to herself as Sothis in a copy of the text of The Lamentations of Isis and Nephthys from the Ptolemaic Dynasty (323-30 BCE) showing how the assimilation was almost complete by that time. Historically, Sobek was mentioned in the Pyramid Texts dating from the Old Kingdom period. Set (Seth) - God of war, chaos, storms, and pestilence.

The convention was to depict the animal gods with a human body and an animal head. He was the supreme deity worshipped at the famous Serapeum nearby the Library of Alexandria. He was depicted as a young boy with his finger to his lips, prefiguring the later image of Harpocrates, the Greek version of the child Horus.

For example, the gods judged humans' moral righteousness after death, and by the New Kingdom, a verdict of innocence in this judgment was believed to be necessary for admittance into the afterlife. They symbolize specific aspects of each deity's character, functioning much like the ideograms in hieroglyphic writing. The nascent stages of ancient Egyptian mythology were presumably influenced by the natural surroundings and events affecting Egypt itself. Any visible manifestation of a god's power could be called its ba; thus, the sun was called the ba of Ra. After the primordial mound rose from the waters of chaos at creation, Atum (Ra) sent his children Shu and Tefnut out to create the world. [197] Communities also built and managed small chapels for their own use, and some families had shrines inside their homes. Some important deities such as Isis and Amun are not known to have appeared until the Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2181 BC). With her veneration possibly stemming from the observance of hippopotamus behavior in Egypt, the physical attributes of Taweret also followed suit, with the Egyptian goddess often portrayed as a bipedal pregnant hippopotamus who carried the protective sa sign. She was associated with virtually every aspect of human life and, in time, became elevated to the position of supreme deity, "Mother of the Gods", who cared for her fellow deities as she did for human beings. However, crocodiles were fearsome predators, and many Egyptians were killed each year if they got too near the river. He was normally depicted as a man wearing a headdress in the form of a plume, which is also the hieroglyph for his name. Sokar (Seker) - A protective falcon god of Memphis who was originally an agricultural deity and one of the oldest in Egypt. He was sometimes known as Ptah-Nun or Ptah-Naunet in his creative aspect, linking him with the primordial substances of the Ogdoad. The very name ‘Mut’ was associated with ‘mother’, while Mwt also referred to vultures. She is depicted in three forms; as a cow, as a woman with the ears of a cow, and as a woman wearing the headdress of a cow’s horns. The people of Egypt would leave bowls of offerings by caves for them.
Ra and Apep, battling each other each night, continue this struggle into the present. Egyptian texts list the names of many deities whose nature is unknown and make vague, indirect references to other gods who are not even named. Serapis was a blend of Osiris and Apis but his character and attributes were a blending of these two Egyptian deities with the Greek gods Zeus, Helios, Dionysius, Hades, and Asklepius. [198] The gods received their offerings in daily ceremonies, in which their statues were clothed, anointed, and presented with food as hymns were recited in their honor. The story of Mau and the tree is told in Spell 17 of the Egyptian Book of the Dead where it is clear the cat is Ra personified. [80], In addition to their names, gods were given epithets, like "possessor of splendor", "ruler of Abydos", or "lord of the sky", that describe some aspect of their roles or their worship. Mut was a protector deity associated with Bastet and Sekhmet. She was also known as Weret-Kekau, "The Great Magic", because of her incredible powers. This connection was derived from the action of scarab beetles when they rolled balls of dung across the rigorous desert surface – while the young beetles emerged from inside the dung, from the eggs laid by the parent. Ptolemy I wanted to create the kind of multi-cultural society his late commander and role model Alexander the Great had attempted and Serapis was an important component in this. During the Twelfth Dynasty Montu was displaced by the rise of Amun, but he took on the true attributes of a war god when warrior kings such as Thutmose III and Rameses II identified themselves with him. Amun’s name means “Hidden One, Mysterious of Form,” and although he is most often represented as a human wearing a double plumed crown, he is sometimes depicted as a ram or a goose. Min was god of the eastern deserts who watched over travelers but was also associated with the black fertile mud of the Egyptian Delta. He warded off demons and black magic and was depicted as a striding lion with the head of a man, large wings, and a snake for a tail.

Incredibly enough, Sobekneferu (‘Beauty of Sobek’), possibly the first female ruler of Egypt, hailed from the very same dynasty. To that end, Ptah was regarded as the patron deity of sculptors, painters, builders, and other artisans. Each day Ra traveled across the sky in the form of the sun, riding in his solar boat, and each night he journeyed through the underworld where he defeated the allies of chaos.
The “Famine Stele”, which is a carved stone tablet, contains appeals to Khnum during a famine caused by a low inundation of the Nile. His name only appears in the Book of the Dead. Augustus Caesar built a temple in their honor at Dendur which is now on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. To that end, Sobek was regarded as one of the creator Egyptian gods who rose from the obscure ‘Dark Water’ of Nun (discussed earlier) to create the Nile from his very sweats. Tutu - A protective god known as "He Who Keeps Enemies at a Distance", worshipped during the latter part of Egypt's history.

Anhur (Han-her) - Also known as Onuris by the Greeks. Ancient Egyptian culture grew out of an understanding of these deities and the vital role they played in the immortal journey of every human being. Atum (Ra) is the first divine being who stands on the primordial mound in the midst of chaos and draws on the magical forces of Heka to create all the other gods, human beings, and life on earth. Qudshu (Qadesh) - Syrian goddess of love, consort of the war god Reshep, assimilated into Egyptian worship during the New Kingdom (1570-1069 BCE). Sepa - A protector god in the form of a centipede with the head of a donkey or horns, known as "The Centipede of Horus". For example, even during the 1st Dynasty period (circa 3100 BC), Anubis was perceived as a protector of graves – possibly to endow a positive aspect to the propensity of jackals who tended to dig up shallow graves.


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