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km of land area) from The World Bank: Data Learn how the World Bank Group is helping countries with COVID-19 (coronavirus). Although the total number of people involved in such migrations is not known, it has been estimated that by 1980 between one-fourth and one-third of the population of such regions and provinces as Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Heilongjiang, and Qinghai consisted of recent migrants, and migration had raised the proportion of Han in Xinjiang to about two-fifths of the total. A major exception is energy, which the government continues to regulate. An imperial decree in 1668 closed the area to further Han migration, but this ban was never effectively enforced. The demographic dividend, unlike the dependency ratio, takes into account people in the productive age cohort who are not contributing to income generation (for example, because they are unemployed) as well as those within the dependent age range who generate income (such as from after-retirement earnings). First, the  country has more than 160 million internal migrants who, in the process of seeking better lives, have supplied abundant labor for the nation’s booming economy.

But the relative size of these three Chinese population groups of 160 million will soon change. The aging of China’s population represents a crisis because its arrival is imminent and inevitable, because its ramifications are huge and long-lasting, and because its effects will be hard to reverse. Urban population has increased from 452,999,147 (35.9%) in 2000 to 852,259,000 (61.0%) in the current year. In the country’s more developed regions, fertility has been even lower for more than a decade—barely above 1 child per couple, a level that rivals the lowest fertility rates in the world. So far, observers of China’s demographic changes have focused most of their attention on consequences at the aggregate or societal level: the size of the labor force, of the elderly population, and of the number of men who will not be able to marry. The number of families with only one child, which is also on a continued rise, only underscores the challenge of supporting the growing numbers of elderly Chinese. Great population movements have been a recurring theme throughout Chinese history. China - China - Population distribution: China’s complex natural conditions have produced an unevenly distributed population.

Second, more than 160 million Chinese are 60 years old or older. Yet, underlying all these dazzling changes and monumental concerns is a driving force that has been seriously underappreciated: China’s changing demography.

For the most part, China has exhausted its demographic fortune as measured by the demographic dividend—that is, by the changing support ratio between effective producers and effective consumers. Post was not sent - check your email addresses! Year -5-1 2019 +1 +5. A peasant rebellion in Sichuan in the 1640s caused great loss of life there, and people from neighbouring Hubei and Shaanxi then entered Sichuan to fill the vacuum; this migration pattern continued until the 19th century. And because China is a major player in the global economy, the impact of the country’s demographic changes will not be limited by its borders. The current growth, in other words, is a result of population momentum. And many parents will face a most unfortunate reality: outliving their children and therefore dying alone.

It is also due in part to a continued tendency in China and elsewhere to believe that overpopulation is the root cause of all problems. The population density of China has changed from 104.5 in 1980 to 150.7 in 2018. China is by no means unique in experiencing below-replacement fertility. Three centuries later the Taiping Rebellion caused another large-scale disruption of population. (The total populations of countries like Japan and Russia do not reach 160 million; Bangladesh’s population is roughly equal to that number.). Over a 10-year period, between 2016 and 2026, the size of the population in this age range will be reduced by about one-quarter, to 150 million from 200 million. In 1990, China had over 750,000 primary schools. But the country is at the end of reaping economic gains from a favorable population age structure. Over the years, large subsidies were built into the price structure, and these subsidies grew substantially from the late 1970s to the early 1990s, when subsidies began to be eliminated. Japan’s economic stagnation, closely related to the aging of its population, serves as a ready reference. Had it not been for China’s relatively young age structure, the population would have begun declining in the early 1990s, almost two decades ago. Today the national fertility level is around 1.5 and possibly lower. Because the region’s winter weather was so severe, migration in the early stage was highly seasonal, usually starting in February and continuing through the spring. Population density varies strikingly, with the greatest contrast occurring between the eastern half of China and the lands of the west and the northwest. And China has witnessed the largest flow of internal migrants in world history, resulting in an urbanization process that is of comparable historical proportions.

These individuals have tended to group themselves according to their native area for mutual benefit, much as ethnic groups have done in other major world cities. Due to these odds, and the large numbers of Chinese parents who have only one child, the sheer number of elderly people living without any children is significant and growing. Population density is uneven: 70% of people live in the Eastern third; while the extensive deserts and mountains covering half of the area has only about 12% of the population. China’s unprecedented population control policy, the one-child policy, turned 30 this year. Current government policy still requires nearly two-thirds of all families to have no more than one child per couple. But, even more important, China’s demographic landscape has in recent decades been thoroughly redrawn by unprecedented population changes. Typically, some disastrous event such as famine or political upheaval would depopulate an area already intensively cultivated, after which people in adjacent crowded regions would move in to occupy the deserted land. km of land area) The value for Population density (people per sq. Both China’s foreign trade and its gross national product (GNP) have experienced sustained and rapid growth, especially since foreign-owned firms began using China as an export platform for goods manufactured there. Aside from institutional arrangements, these include capital, technology, markets, and labor. Efforts to control the growth of large cities led to the resettlement in the countryside of some 20 million urbanites after the failure of the Great Leap Forward and of nearly the same number of urban-educated youths in the decade after 1968. Given that demographic changes take time to develop, and that their ramifications are not only massive but also long-lasting, China’s inaction has already proved costly—and will only grow more so the longer it persists. However, since the late 1970s China has dramatically increased its interaction with the international economy, and it has become a dominant figure in world trade. Underemployment is common in both urban and rural areas, and there is a strong fear of the disruptive effects that widespread unemployment could cause.

Similar examples include the Nian Rebellion in the Huai River region in the 1850s and ’60s, the Muslim rebellions in Shaanxi and Gansu in the 1860s and ’70s, and the great Shaanxi and Shanxi famine of 1877–78. And families, in addition to their other functions, are first and foremost the primary source of support for dependents, the young and the elderly. An aging labor force will compel changes in this economic model and may make political rule more difficult. By 2008, that number had shrunk by one-third, to only 16.7 million. As a result of China’s very low fertility over the past two decades, the abundance of young, inexpensive labor is soon to be history. But more important than increased life expectancy in defining China’s new demographic era—and determining. The term “demographic dividend” refers to gains (or losses) in per capita income brought about by changes in a population’s age structure.



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